TBI stands for Traumatic Brain Injury. It is an acquired brain injury that occurs as a result of external physical force to the head or body, leading to a disruption in normal brain function. TBIs can result from various causes, and the severity of a TBI can range from mild, commonly known as a concussion, to moderate or severe cases.

Mild traumatic brain injury and concussions

Mild traumatic brain injuries resulting from impacts or jolts to the head are commonly referred to as concussions. They often cause temporary alterations in one’s mental state, including disorientation, headaches, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, loss of balance, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, and speech difficulties. Loss of consciousness may not occur, or if it does, it typically lasts only a few seconds to a few minutes. Individuals who have experienced a concussion may also encounter sensory symptoms like ringing in the ears (tinnitus) or heightened sensitivity to light and sound. Additionally, they may face challenges such as anxiety, depression, mood swings, and difficulties with attention, concentration, and memory.

Moderate traumatic brain injury

An individual with a moderate traumatic brain injury may exhibit the same signs and symptoms as a concussion, but with more pronounced and severe effects. These may include an extended period of unconsciousness lasting several hours or longer (potentially even a coma). It can also include a persistent or worsening headache, convulsions or seizures, recurring episodes of nausea or vomiting, loss of motor coordination, and the discharge of clear fluids from the nose or ears. Cognitive symptoms may intensify, with extreme confusion, agitation, combative behavior, and slurred speech.

Severe traumatic brain injury

In the case of a severe TBI, hospitalization is highly likely, often accompanied by significant brain swelling and potential complications such as hematoma or stroke—wherein blood accumulates within the skull. Individuals hospitalized with moderate to severe brain injuries are often transferred to a rehabilitation facility for a period of up to three months of inpatient rehabilitation, followed by outpatient rehabilitation treatment. In the most severe cases, a TBI of this nature could be fatal.

Non-Traumatic brain injuries

A non-traumatic brain injury refers to damage or impairment to the brain that is not caused by a physical trauma or external force. Unlike traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), which result from blows, jolts, or penetrating injuries to the head, non-traumatic brain injuries occur due to internal factors or medical conditions. These injuries can be caused by events such as stroke, oxygen deprivation (asphyxiation or near-drowning), infections, tumors, seizures, substance abuse, metabolic disorders, or degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Non-traumatic brain injuries can still have significant effects on brain function and may require medical intervention and rehabilitation.